A new Mineta Transportation Institute (MTI) research perspective looks at how U.S. states are regulating (or not) the growing usage of small mobility devices, including kick scooters and electric kick-scooters, skateboards, battery-powered hoverboards, and more.

The report, “Electric Kick Scooters on Sidewalks in Virginia but Not in California? A Review of How States Regulate Personal Transportation Devices,” finds the greater use of these personal transportation devices (PTDs) has the potential to benefit both individual travelers and communities as a whole, but incorporating them safely into communities is not without challenges.

According to Dr. Kevin Fang, “PTDs offer an inexpensive, quick way to travel short distances, which is particularly attractive in busy commercial districts. But PTDs compete for already contested space on streets and sidewalks, and raise questions about safety.”

In their research, Fang and co-authors Dr. Asha Weinstein Agrawal and Ashley Hooper detail the wide range of regulatory approaches currently used by states.

“After reviewing all the states, we realized that when it comes to PTD regulations, there is no ‘normal,’” said Agrawal. “PTD regulations vary wildly from state to state and device to device in terms of specificity, content, and form. For example, in some states a human-powered PTD would be classified as a ‘vehicle’ and follow those rules, yet other states classify the same devices as a ‘pedestrian.’”

The authors recommend policymakers aim to do the following when revising state regulations:

1. Clarify who has the right to use sidewalks.

2. Protect public safety.

3. Permit PTD use as a convenient travel option.

4. Accommodate new device types without new regulations.

5. Base rules on facts, not perceptions.

6. Craft rules that are easy to understand and remember.

“Safety on our streets and sidewalks is of paramount importance,” according to Hooper. “By understanding how PTDs are regulated, we can help regulators craft regulations that balance the needs of all road users.”

To view the full report, click here.