Today’s tires are tough — almost too tough. They can take an enormous amount of abuse and still survive. But, according to tire experts, neglecting tires can be quite costly.
“Paying attention to tires in 10 key areas can add thousands of dollars annually to a fleet operator’s bottom line,” says Terry Waibel, manager of truck/farm customer engineering for Goodyear’s Commercial Tire Division in Akron, Ohio. “This isn’t rocket science. It’s just a set of basic tire maintenance procedures that are easy to follow with organization and discipline. Following these procedures will lower your per-mile tire costs through extended tread life, fewer premature removals, and better retreadability.”
1. Determine Proper Bus Tire Inflation Levels
The biggest influence on tire life is inflation pressure. At average speeds, running tires at 20% under recommended pressure reduces tire mileage by 16% and fuel mileage by 2%. Tires are designed to run at specific pressures based on the total load. To determine the correct air pressure for your tires, gather information on your axle loads and refer to tire load charts.
Standard load charts are available online at most major tire manufacturers’ Websites. If you operate at higher or lower speeds, use the listed formulas to make adjustments. In general, pressures need to be higher if the vehicle is driven at a higher speed.
2. Establish a Good Inflation Program
Tire pressure is difficult to maintain because tires naturally lose air. The leakage can occur through valve caps or small punctures. To stay on top of “normal” leakage and watch for any rapid leaks, drivers or mechanics should ideally check tires once a week. A growing number of fleets use flow-through valve caps that make checking pressure and adding air easier without removing the valve cap. Note that changes in ambient temperature will affect tire pressures.
For every 10-degree Fahrenheit decrease in temperature, the pressure will drop 2 psi (pounds per square inch). So, during the year’s colder months, tires will need to be checked and inflated more often.
3. Reduce Your Top Speeds
High speeds generate more heat and accelerate tire wear. Goodyear data shows that increasing highway speeds from 55 to 75 mph can reduce total tread mileage by 20% or more. So, a tire that would have provided 250,000 miles in tread life at 55 mph will only net 200,000 miles per tread if driven at 75 mph.
The drop is quite consistent as speed increases. That 250,000-mile tread drops to 237,500 miles at 60 mph, 225,000 miles at 65 mph, and 212,500 miles at 70 mph. An added bonus for slowing down is that fuel economy tests have shown that fuel usage increases 0.1 mpg for every mph over 55 mph.
4. Properly Align Vehicles
Irregular wear is most commonly caused by poor vehicle alignment. If tires are not running straight ahead, accelerated tread wear occurs on parts of the tire. For example, steer axle toe-out will cause excessive wear on the inside of both tires, while toe-in will cause wear on the outside shoulders of the tires.
Ideally, most steer tires should have a small amount of toe-in. The vehicle should be aligned regularly to maintain this and stay on top of other types of irregular wear. Starting a serious alignment program after having none can increase tire mileage by as much as 30%. While the focus has traditionally been on front-end alignment, drive-axle, and trailer-axle positioning can also have a significant impact. Fleet experience has shown that correct alignment of drive and trailer axles can extend total mileage by 25% as well as improve fuel mileage by 0.5 to 1 mpg.
More information on effective alignment schedules is available in “Guidelines for Total Vehicle Alignment” from the Technology and Maintenance Council (TMC). TMC also offers information on the causes of irregular wear in its “Radial Tire Conditions Analysis Guide.”
5. Mount Tires Correctly
The rounder or more concentric the tire, the better it will wear. To keep tire run-out to a minimum, they should always be mounted on the wheel correctly. Ideally, the tires should be match-mounted to the wheel. Wheels are usually marked to show the low spot, and tires are marked to show their high spot. How the high spot is marked will vary from one tire to another. Check with tire manufacturers to see how they mark their tires.
“The idea is to take the high spot of the tire and match it to the low spot of the wheel,” says Goodyear’s Waibel. “If you mount properly, you don’t really need to balance the tire.”
6. Learn to ‘Read’ Rires
Drivers typically don’t check tread wear unless they are having ride problems or the vehicle is pulling one way or another. By then, it’s often too late to prevent premature wear.
Regular inspections of tires can provide a lot of useful information and catch wear trends before they have done too much damage. Problems can be diagnosed by visual inspection or by running a hand over the tread and feeling for abnormalities. Conditions to check for include distortion in the tread, feathering, or cupping.
If corrected early enough, bad wear patterns can be countered, and tire life can be extended.
7. Rotate Bus Tires
Moving tires around takes time and effort. The temptation is to leave them in one position for the life of the tread. But intelligent tire rotation promotes even tread wear and can net a lot of extra miles in tread life. Some fleets will run new steer tires in the drive position and take off 1/32- to 2/32-inch in tread depth to establish a good wear pattern.
Drive tires should be rotated between forward and back positions at least once to even out wear. The rear tires of a tandem typically will wear quicker than the forward positions. Some drive tires will also develop heel and toe wear. This can be evened out by reversing their direction.
8. Replace, Match Tires
For optimum tread wear, tires should be as alike as possible across the same positions. If a tire must be pulled due to irregular wear or a road hazard, it should be replaced with a tire that matches the existing one.
“The more you can do to eliminate variation, the better your tread wear will be,” says Waibel. “In dual assemblies, the outside diameters and tread depths should be as close as possible. A good rule of thumb is no more than 2/32-inch tread depth difference between duals. It’s also wise to have the same tread design on both positions of an axle.”
9. Replace Worn Components
These can be the hidden enemies of tire life. A wheel bearing that is not properly torqued can cause irregular tire wear. Worn shock absorbers can create depression wear on treads and an early trip to the retreader or scrap pile.
Bus fleets will often wait until suspension components are obviously broken or are leaking before they replace them. By then, the tire damage had already occurred. To prevent irregular tire wear, you should replace shock absorbers and other suspension components on a set schedule rather than waiting until they fail.
10. Keep Good Tire Records
To manage tires most efficiently, regular collection of data is critical. You should be recording information, including inflation pressures, wear trends, and tire mileage at removal. Software can analyze tire performance and make comparisons with different vehicle configurations and tire types.
By changing specifications, you may be able to realize significant gains in total tire mileage and other performance goals.
About the Author: Drew Ryder is a freelance writer with more than 20 years of experience in commercial transportation.
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