The Suburban Mobility Authority for Regional Transportation (SMART) is the Metro Detroit area’s regional transit agency. It serves Macomb, Oakland, and Wayne counties with nine million rides annually. The agency started researching ways to cut costs and shrink its carbon footprint. SMART administrators investigated propane autogas vehicles after learning about their use with a neighboring agency in Flint, Mich.

“Not only were we interested in the cost savings of the fuel and lower maintenance costs, we wanted to help make an impact on the environment with clean-burning propane autogas,” said Keith Taylor, SMART director of maintenance.

In 2015, the agency began integrating Ford E-450 propane autogas vehicles in its 120-bus paratransit fleet. It currently has 95 propane autogas shuttles. SMART is not alone in its move to the alternative fuel — currently, almost 2,000 shuttle buses equipped with ROUSH CleanTech propane fuel systems operate in the transit industry. And across the nation, hundreds of thousands of delivery trucks, school buses, taxis, and other commercial fleets operate on propane autogas. The choice has paid off for SMART in myriad ways.

An Environmental Edge

SMART’s propane autogas fleet travels 2.9 million miles annually. By switching to propane autogas, the agency estimates it replaces 750,000 gallons of gasoline and diesel each year. In addition to being plentiful and domestically sourced, propane autogas operates cleanly: Compared to diesel vehicles, propane autogas shuttle buses emit fewer smog-producing hydrocarbons and particulate emissions. Propane autogas is naturally lower in nitrogen oxides (NOx) than diesel and gasoline. NOx emissions are federally regulated due to their negative impact on human health and the environment.  

Local communities served by SMART enjoy cleaner air and a healthier environment thanks to the agency’s emissions-reducing paratransit shuttles. The successful results have led the agency to purchase additional buses. By 2020, all 120 buses in the paratransit fleet will be fueled by propane autogas.

Saving on Maintenance and Fuel   

SMART maintenance technicians, who received training through the propane fuel system manufacturer, have noticed positive changes.

“Our technicians report decreased repair time and overall cleanliness of repairs as benefits,” said Taylor. “Compared with our diesel and gasoline vehicles, there has been a notable decrease in exhaust repairs and fewer reported breakdowns.”

Less downtime translates to cost savings. The agency is saving by using fewer quarts of oil to operate the propane autogas shuttles and purchasing less expensive filter packages. Propane fuel systems, unlike “clean diesel” systems, do not require complicated components and specialty fluids. This simpler system contributes to lowered costs. And because propane autogas is part of a close-looped system, the fuel is never exposed to air and won’t spill, resulting in less mess and exhaust odors in the maintenance bay.

The agency also notes significant savings at the pump. Through a state contract, SMART has a locked-in rate of 89 cents per gallon for propane autogas. The current price of gasoline in the area is $2.39 per gallon. Diesel costs $2.75 per gallon. Historically, propane autogas costs about 50% less than diesel and up to 40% less than gasoline.   

Following Federal Transit Administration guidelines, the agency will operate each of its new propane autogas shuttles for seven years or 200,000 miles.

Drivers on Board

SMART’s drivers point to several benefits of the propane autogas buses, including the quiet operation of the engine and the absence of diesel exhaust odor. They also appreciate the buses’ quick acceleration.

In Michigan’s harsh winter climate, drivers and technicians report no cold-weather start issues with the propane autogas buses. To maximize fuel efficiency, the drivers have been trained to cut idling time, since there is no need to warm-up the alternatively fueled buses. Eliminating the use of plug-in engine block warmers has also reduced SMART’s electricity costs.

Fueling Up

There are thousands of public propane stations across the nation, but after assessing the fleet’s services and size, agency officials chose to install on-site fueling stations. SMART, like many other transit agencies, took advantage of the low cost of building the fueling station infrastructure for propane. Propane autogas fueling infrastructure costs less than any other transportation energy source, including gasoline, diesel, electric, and natural gas. An independent contractor built the agency’s three terminals, each with its own propane tanks to service the fleet. Two 1,990-gallon tanks are located at each station. The refill time with propane autogas is comparable to gasoline and diesel fueling — about 10 gallons per minute.

Funding and the Future

SMART pursued grant funding for the purchase of the propane autogas paratransit shuttles. Because the ROUSH CleanTech Ford E-450 cutaway chassis is the only shuttle vehicle that has completed the FTA’s New Model Bus Testing Program (“Altoona Testing”), transit fleet operators can access federal funds that cover 85% of the entire alternative-fuel vehicle cost with a 15% local match.

As SMART looks to an all-propane autogas fleet in the very near future, the agency’s efforts have already been noticed. SMART received the Autogas Fleet Award from the Propane Education & Research Council at BusCon.

Ryan Zic is VP of sales, school bus and transit, for ROUSH CleanTech